With just the click of a button or a swipe on a phone, it’s possible to buy almost anything online, including rare or endangered animals.
From quirky shark trophies to exotic live birds, contraband rhino horns or ivory, buyers can flock to e-commerce platforms and find them all. Traffickers hide behind their screens while profiting from online sales of protected species as these animals dwindle in the wild.
“It’s the largest wildlife market”, said wildlife trade researcher Chris Shepherd from the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s easy, it’s convenient; you can operate anonymously from the comfort of your home. You don’t have the expenses of setting up a shop”.
Online commerce in illicit wildlife products continues to grow, involving more species and wider geographies. It’s an illicit industry run by kingpins with well-connected networks, and it’s hard to prosecute. Catching online criminals is extremely challenging.
“Wildlife markets have moved from physical locations into online locations, and that’s mirroring broader trends in the global economy”, said Simone Haysom, director of environmental crime programs at the Swiss-based organization Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
In a recent report, Haysom and her colleague Russell Gray analyzed online wildlife trade data from April 2024 to March 2026. They focused on 10 countries across three continents, places where environmental crime and internet use are high, making them fertile grounds for online wildlife trafficking. They found some 266,535 wildlife products posted on 61 online marketplaces, worth about $66 million.
About 75% of the nearly 22,000 ads they saw were on Facebook, a platform that’s been notorious in selling live wildlife, as a recent Mongabay investigation revealed.
The large majority of the species offered online – about 84% – are banned from any kind of international commercial trade under CITES, a global wildlife trade treaty. More than half of all Facebook ads offered endangered or critically endangered animals including pangolins, gibbons, hornbills, sea turtles, cobras and clouded leopards.
“There’s just anything and everything on Facebook”, said Gray, citing examples of pangolin boots, chimpanzee leather and ivory trinkets carved from walrus tusks. “The world is really significantly underprepared for cyber trade in wildlife”.
Facebook is especially useful because users can create accounts and private groups with little meaningful verification.
Inside those groups, buyers and sellers can shift conversations into private messages, making deals much harder to track. Facebook's algorithms intensify the problem by recommending similar groups, pages, and contacts to users in the sphere. It's taken a niche market and given it a mainstream hub that's great for business.
"Facebook groups really replaced a lot of different types of sites on the Internet by providing this free infrastructure that was very good at marketing", said Simone Haysom, a co-author of the study.
The report also criticized Meta's moderation efforts, which focus on English posts that comprise just 12% of the listings. Although Facebook formally bans the sale of endangered animals and animal parts, researchers said illegal listings were easy to find.
There's minimal oversight, networks can easily form, and participants in the trade are able to dodge consequences.
"We need regulation with teeth", Haysom told Mongabay. "Self-regulation has not worked... and is unlikely to be fully successful".